The multi-billion dollar US tree nut industries rely heavily on methyl bromide fumigation for postharvest insect
control and are facing a major challenge with the mandated cessation by 2005 of its use for most applications. There is an
urgent need to develop effective and economically viable alternative treatments to replace current phytosanitary and
quarantine practices in order to maintain the competitiveness of US agriculture in domestic and international markets. With
the reliable heating block system, the thermal death kinetics for fifth-instar codling moth, Indianmeal moth, and navel
orangeworm were determined at a heating rate of 18 °C/min. A practical process protocol was developed to control the most
heat resistant insect pest, fifth-instar navel orangeworm, in in-shell walnuts using a 27 MHz pilot scale radio frequency (RF)
system. RF heating to 55 °C and holding in hot air for at least 5 min resulted in 100% mortality of the fifth-instar navel
orangeworm. Rancidity, sensory qualities and shell characteristics were not affected by the treatments. If this method can be
economically integrated into the handling process, it should have excellent potential as a disinfestation method for in-shell
walnuts.

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